Estudio del comportamiento fisiológico de la semilla de tres especies cultivadas de Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) como una contribución para la conservación ex situ = Study of the physiological behavior of the seeds of three cultivated species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) for contribution to ex situ conservation

El maracuyá (P. edulis f. flavicarpa), la granadilla (P. ligularis) y la gulupa (P. edulis f. edulis) son económicamente las principales especies del género Passiflora L. por su fruto comestible y comercialización en mercados locales e internacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el comportamiento fisiológico de la semilla de maracuyá, granadilla y gulupa frente al almacenamiento como una contribución a la conservación ex situ. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos y tres repeticiones siguiendo el protocolo de Hong y Ellis (1996). Las semillas de maracuyá y gulupa fueron secadas en cuartos con flujo continuo de aire (20°C±2 y 35% humedad relativa [HR]), donde se les disminuyó el contenido de humedad hasta un rango óptimo de 10-12% en 5 horas y obteniendo una germinación de 100 y 77,1%, respectivamente. En la granadilla, la desecación tardó 20 horas y las semillas germinaron en un 79,5%. Posteriormente, la disminución hasta 6% (20°C±2 y10% HR) tardó 60 horas, para maracuyá y gulupa con una germinación de 81,2 y 98,6%, respectivamente y 105 horas para granadilla con un 91,4%de germinación. De acuerdo con el protocolo mencionado, se conservaron durante 6 meses, evaluándose en el primero, tercero y sexto mes con una germinación promedio del 94,1% para maracuyá, 90,9% para granadilla y 87,9% para gulupa. Lo anterior sugiere que las semillas de las tres especies estudiadas presentan tolerancia a la desecación y posiblemente pertenecen a la categoría ortodoxa. Estos resultados contribuyen al manejo y conservación de los recursos genéticos de los frutales neotropicale

Mass and heat integration in ethanol production mills for enhanced process efficiency and exergy-based renewability performance

This paper presents the process design and assessment of a sugarcane-based ethanol production system that combines the usage of both mass and heat integration (pinch analysis) strategies to enhance the process efficiency and renewability performance. Three configurations were analyzed: (i) Base case: traditional ethanol production (1G); (ii) mass-integrated (1G2G); and (iii) mass and heat-integrated system (1G2G-HI). The overall assessment of these systems was based on complementary approaches such as mass and mass-heat integration, energy and exergy analysis, exergy-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and renewability exergy criteria. The performances of the three cases were assessed through five key performance indicators (KIPs) divided into two groups: one is related to process performance, namely, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and average unitary exergy cost (AUEC), and the other one is associated to environmental performance i.e., exergy-based CO2-equation emissions and renewability exergy index. Results showed a higher exergy efficiency of 50% and the lowest AUEC of all the systems (1.61 kJ/kJ) for 1G2G-HI. Furthermore, the destroyed exergy in 1G2G-HI was lower by 7% and 9% in comparison to the 1G and 1G2G cases, respectively. Regarding the exergy-based GHG emissions and renewability performance (lambda(index)), the 1G2G-HI case presented the lowest impacts in terms of the CO2-equivalent emissions (94.10 gCO(2)-eq/MJ products), while lambda(index) was found to be environmentally unfavorable (lambda = 0.77). However, lambda(index) became favorable (lambda > 1) when the useful exergy of the byproducts was considered710sem informaçãosem informaçã

Informe de sostenibilidad de la empresa iglesia de Jesucristo de los santos de los últimos días en Colombia "Centro de capacitación misional"

Imágenes, Matriz dofaEste informe permitirá mostrar una imagen equilibrada y razonable del desempeño del centro de capacitación misional, el cual se incluyen acciones positivas y negativas en un periodo de tiempo, de acuerdo a los compromisos, estrategias y enfoque directivo de la organización, el cual está fundamentado en el éxito del desarrollo laboral y su relación con el entorno.No Abstrac

Development of lifetime comorbidity in the world health organization world mental health surveys

CONTEXT: Although numerous studies have examined the role of latent variables in the structure of comorbidity among mental disorders, none has examined their role in the development of comorbidity. OBJECTIVE: To study the role of latent variables in the development of comorbidity among 18 lifetime DSM-IV disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. DESIGN: Nationally or regionally representative community surveys. SETTING: Fourteen countries. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 21 229 survey respondents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First onset of 18 lifetime DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders assessed retrospectively in the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Separate internalizing (anxiety and mood disorders) and externalizing (behavior and substance disorders) factors were found in exploratory factor analysis of lifetime disorders. Consistently significant positive time-lagged associations were found in survival analyses for virtually all temporally primary lifetime disorders predicting subsequent onset of other disorders. Within-domain (ie, internalizing or externalizing) associations were generally stronger than between-domain associations. Most time-lagged associations were explained by a model that assumed the existence of mediating latent internalizing and externalizing variables. Specific phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (internalizing) and hyperactivity and oppositional defiant disorders (externalizing) were the most important predictors. A small number of residual associations remained significant after controlling the latent variables. CONCLUSIONS: The good fit of the latent variable model suggests that common causal pathways account for most of the comorbidity among the disorders considered herein. These common pathways should be the focus of future research on the development of comorbidity, although several important pairwise associations that cannot be accounted for by latent variables also exist that warrant further focused study

MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space

Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest official release presented in 2003. The new version provides convergence diagnostics and allows multiple analyses to be run in parallel with convergence progress monitored on the fly. The introduction of new proposals and automatic optimization of tuning parameters has improved convergence for many problems. The new version also sports significantly faster likelihood calculations through streaming single-instruction-multiple-data extensions (SSE) and support of the BEAGLE library, allowing likelihood calculations to be delegated to graphics processing units (GPUs) on compatible hardware. Speedup factors range from around 2 with SSE code to more than 50 with BEAGLE for codon problems. Checkpointing across all models allows long runs to be completed even when an analysis is prematurely terminated. New models include relaxed clocks, dating, model averaging across time-reversible substitution models, and support for hard, negative, and partial (backbone) tree constraints. Inference of species trees from gene trees is supported by full incorporation of the Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) algorithms. Marginal model likelihoods for Bayes factor tests can be estimated accurately across the entire model space using the stepping stone method. The new version provides more output options than previously, including samples of ancestral states, site rates, site dN/dS rations, branch rates, and node dates. A wide range of statistics on tree parameters can also be output for visualization in FigTree and compatible software

Turnip mosaic potyvirus probably first spread to Eurasian brassica crops from wild orchids about 1000 years ago

Turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV) is probably the most widespread and damaging virus that infects cultivated brassicas worldwide. Previous work has indicated that the virus originated in western Eurasia, with all of its closest relatives being viruses of monocotyledonous plants. Here we report that we have identified a sister lineage of TuMV-like potyviruses (TuMV-OM) from European orchids. The isolates of TuMV-OM form a monophyletic sister lineage to the brassica-infecting TuMVs (TuMV-BIs), and are nested within a clade of monocotyledon-infecting viruses. Extensive host-range tests showed that all of the TuMV-OMs are biologically similar to, but distinct from, TuMV-BIs and do not readily infect brassicas. We conclude that it is more likely that TuMV evolved from a TuMV-OM-like ancestor than the reverse. We did Bayesian coalescent analyses using a combination of novel and published sequence data from four TuMV genes [helper component-proteinase protein (HC-Pro), protein 3(P3), nuclear inclusion b protein (NIb), and coat protein (CP)]. Three genes (HC-Pro, P3, and NIb), but not the CP gene, gave results indicating that the TuMV-BI viruses diverged from TuMV-OMs around 1000 years ago. Only 150 years later, the four lineages of the present global population of TuMV-BIs diverged from one another. These dates are congruent with historical records of the spread of agriculture in Western Europe. From about 1200 years ago, there was a warming of the climate, and agriculture and the human population of the region greatly increased. Farming replaced woodlands, fostering viruses and aphid vectors that could invade the crops, which included several brassica cultivars and weeds. Later, starting 500 years ago, inter-continental maritime trade probably spread the TuMV-BIs to the remainder of the world

Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses

There has been an explosion in the discovery of ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses and/or their related sequences in natural mosquito populations. Herein we review all ‘insect-specific’ flavivirus sequences currently available and conduct phylogenetic analyses of both the ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses and available sequences of the entire genus Flavivirus. We show that there is no statistical support for virus–mosquito co-divergence, suggesting that the ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses may have undergone multiple introductions with frequent host switching. We discuss potential implications for the evolution of vectoring within the family Flaviviridae. We also provide preliminary evidence for potential recombination events in the history of cell fusing agent virus. Finally, we consider priorities and guidelines for future research on ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses, including the vast potential that exists for the study of biodiversity within a range of potential hosts and vectors, and its effect on the emergence and maintenance of the flaviviruses

Persistent anthrax as a major driver of wildlife mortality in a tropical rainforest

Anthrax is a globally important animal disease and zoonosis. Despite this, our current knowledge of anthrax ecology is largely limited to arid ecosystems, where outbreaks are most commonly reported. Here we show that the dynamics of an anthrax-causing agent, Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis, in a tropical rainforest have severe consequences for local wildlife communities. Using data and samples collected over three decades, we show that rainforest anthrax is a persistent and widespread cause of death for a broad range of mammalian hosts. We predict that this pathogen will accelerate the decline and possibly result in the extirpation of local chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) populations. We present the epidemiology of a cryptic pathogen and show that its presence has important implications for conservation